Lalmanirhat Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Lalmanirhat, situated in the Rangpur District of northern Bangladesh (25.9172° N, 89.4459° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Bengal Plain. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the vast alluvial plains formed by the Teesta River and its tributaries. This low-lying landscape, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Lalmanirhat is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and jute fields, interspersed with smaller settlements and scattered groves of mango and date palm trees. The proximity to these agricultural zones introduces biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and, during harvest seasons, significant particulate matter from agricultural burning, impacting local air quality. The region’s climate is subtropical, with a distinct wet and dry season. While Lalmanirhat itself lacks direct access to major rivers, it’s within a watershed influenced by the Teesta, impacting drainage patterns and potential for flooding, which can temporarily resuspend dust and pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Lalmanirhat is gradual, with agricultural activities steadily transitioning to residential and commercial areas as one approaches the city center. The lack of significant elevation changes and the prevalence of flat terrain exacerbate the challenges in dispersing air pollutants, making the city vulnerable to localized air quality degradation, especially during periods of stagnant air and temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape, while largely rural, is increasingly influenced by small-scale brick kilns and informal industries, further contributing to pollution sources.

Lalmanirhat’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s subtropical climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings periods of relief as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants and strong winds disperse stagnant air. However, the monsoon also introduces humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are often the most challenging, characterized by rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Agricultural burning, prevalent during this period as farmers clear fields for the monsoon planting season, significantly contributes to the problem. The dry season (October-February) presents a mixed picture. While winds are generally stronger than during the pre-monsoon period, fog is common, particularly in December and January. This fog traps pollutants, reducing visibility and increasing exposure to fine particulate matter. Outdoor activity is generally best avoided during the early morning hours in December and January due to the dense fog. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should take extra precautions during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and using air purifiers when possible. The combination of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and the gradual urbanization of the region creates a complex interplay that influences Lalmanirhat’s air quality throughout the year.