Alagoinhas Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Alagoinhas, nestled in the heart of Bahia, Brazil, occupies a relatively flat portion of the state’s interior, at an elevation of approximately 58 meters. Its coordinates (-12.1356, -38.4192) place it within a transitional zone between the semi-arid Sertão and the more humid coastal regions. The city is situated roughly 120 kilometers inland from the Atlantic Ocean, influencing local climate patterns but not directly benefiting from strong sea breezes for pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by *caatinga* scrubland, interspersed with agricultural areas, particularly sugarcane and fruit plantations, which are significant economic drivers for the region. This agricultural activity contributes to seasonal particulate matter from field preparation and burning. The urban area itself has expanded rapidly in recent decades, creating a noticeable urban-rural gradient with increasing concentrations of vehicle emissions and localized industrial sources near the city center. The proximity to the BR-116 highway, a major transportation artery, further exacerbates traffic-related pollution. Topography offers little natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. Understanding this interplay of geography and land use is crucial for addressing Alagoinhas’ air quality challenges.

Alagoinhas experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from August to December, presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads, elevating particulate matter concentrations. Lower humidity also inhibits the scavenging of pollutants by precipitation. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trapping pollutants near ground level. January to April marks the wet season, bringing significant improvements in air quality as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. May to July represents a transitional period with moderate conditions. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, can transport pollutants from agricultural burning activities during the dry season. Sensitive individuals, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season (September-November). Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are also advisable. Fog, though infrequent, can exacerbate particulate matter issues when it occurs.