Pombal Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Pombal, nestled in the interior of Paraíba state, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the semi-arid Sertão region. Located at approximately -6.7700, -37.8019, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, averaging around 220 meters in elevation. This terrain contributes to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is characterised by *caatinga* vegetation – a thorny scrubland adapted to prolonged drought – and scattered small farms. Pombal’s position is inland, approximately 150km from the Atlantic coast, meaning coastal breezes have a diminished effect on local air circulation. While not heavily industrialised, the region supports significant agricultural activity, primarily livestock raising and subsistence farming, with increasing mechanisation. Dust from agricultural practices and unpaved roads is a key contributor to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Pombal represents a concentrated population centre within a sparsely populated area. This concentration, coupled with the region’s limited rainfall and frequent dry spells, exacerbates dust resuspension. The Paraíba do Norte River flows nearby, but its influence on local air quality is limited due to distance and prevailing wind patterns. The city’s growth is slowly expanding, leading to increased vehicle traffic and construction, further impacting local air quality.

Pombal experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Pombal is most compromised during the prolonged dry season, typically from August to December. This period sees minimal rainfall, leading to increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. High temperatures and strong solar radiation contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly in areas with vehicle emissions. Wind patterns during this time can be erratic, sometimes leading to stagnant air conditions and localised pollution build-up. January to April marks the wet season, bringing significant improvements in air quality as rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter. However, increased humidity can also promote mould growth, potentially affecting respiratory health. May to July represents a transitional period with moderate air quality. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the surface, can occur sporadically throughout the year, worsening pollution episodes. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season (September-November). Monitoring wind direction is crucial; periods of calm or winds from agricultural areas should be avoided.