Sumenep Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Sumenep, a coastal city in East Java, Indonesia, occupies a unique geographic position on the Madura Island. Situated at -7.0049 latitude and 113.8496 longitude, the city’s terrain is generally flat, typical of coastal plains, with a low elevation that contributes to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily salt ponds and dryland farming – and stretches of coastline bordering the Madura Strait. This proximity to the sea introduces a significant source of salt spray, impacting local air composition, but also offers some potential for pollutant dispersal during favourable wind conditions. Sumenep isn’t heavily industrialized, but small-scale industries, including those processing agricultural products and traditional crafts, contribute to localized emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the surrounding areas are predominantly rural, with scattered settlements and agricultural activities. The prevailing winds, influenced by the monsoon seasons, play a crucial role in transporting pollutants both from and to Sumenep. The city’s location makes it vulnerable to transboundary haze from forest fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan during dry periods, significantly impacting air quality. Understanding this interplay of coastal influences, agricultural practices, and regional weather patterns is vital for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Sumenep.

Sumenep experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, sees a marked deterioration in air quality. Lower rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased wind speeds can carry dust and pollutants from surrounding agricultural lands and potentially from regional fires. August and September are often the worst months for respiratory issues. Temperature inversions, common during calmer periods within the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The wet season, from October to April, generally brings improved air quality. Frequent rainfall washes away particulate matter, and higher humidity can suppress dust. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution from traffic and small industries persists. November and December often experience increased humidity and occasional fog, which can trap pollutants, though the overall effect is less severe than during the dry season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak dry season months and consider using air purifiers indoors. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the south and west often bring haze from other islands.