Kasongan Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Kasongan, nestled in the heart of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, is a town profoundly shaped by its equatorial geography. Situated at coordinates -1.8959, 113.3878, the town lies relatively flat, at a low elevation, within the vast peat swamp forests and riverine landscapes characteristic of Borneo. The Kapuas River, Kalimantan’s longest river, is a dominant feature, influencing local transport, livelihoods, and crucially, air quality. Kasongan’s urban character is evolving, transitioning from a primarily agricultural and artisan centre – famed for its Dayak art – to a more diversified economy. Surrounding the town is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily palm oil plantations, alongside extensive areas of primary and secondary forest. This proximity to large-scale agriculture is a key factor in understanding air quality challenges. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; quickly transitioning from the town centre to rural landscapes. The peatlands, while ecologically vital, are susceptible to fires, particularly during drier periods, releasing significant particulate matter. The regional position within Indonesia’s ‘megafire’ hotspot makes Kasongan particularly vulnerable to transboundary haze events originating from other parts of Kalimantan and Sumatra. The flat terrain offers little natural dispersion for pollutants, exacerbating local air quality issues.

Kasongan experiences a distinct wet and dry season cycle, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, is the period of greatest concern. Reduced rainfall and increased temperatures create ideal conditions for peatland and forest fires, often initiated for land clearing for agriculture. These fires release substantial amounts of particulate matter (PM2.5), significantly degrading air quality. Smoke from these fires, combined with potential transboundary haze from Sumatra, can create hazardous conditions. August and September are typically the worst months for air quality. The wet season, from October to April, brings relief. Increased rainfall suppresses fires and washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution from vehicle emissions and small-scale burning can occur. Temperature inversions, common in the mornings, can trap pollutants near the ground, even during the wet season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor conditions closely. Wearing masks (N95 or equivalent) is advisable when smoke is visible. The transition months of May and October require increased vigilance.