Tumpat Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Tumpat, a coastal town in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at 6.1978°N, 102.1710°E, the town lies on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, facing the South China Sea. The terrain is predominantly flat, a coastal plain formed by alluvial deposits from the Kelantan River, which significantly impacts local drainage and sediment transport. Tumpat’s urban character is a blend of traditional Malay villages and a growing commercial centre, reflecting its role as a regional trading hub. The surrounding landscape is characterised by extensive rice paddies, coconut plantations, and mangrove forests, particularly along the coastline. These agricultural zones contribute to seasonal biomass burning, a key factor in air pollution. The proximity to the South China Sea introduces sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric conditions. While not heavily industrialised, Tumpat experiences increased traffic from cross-border trade with Thailand, and smaller-scale processing of agricultural products. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with denser settlement concentrated around the town centre and more dispersed communities further inland. This gradient affects pollution dispersion, with higher concentrations typically found in the urban core. The low elevation and coastal location make Tumpat vulnerable to transboundary haze from Indonesian forest fires.

Tumpat experiences a tropical climate with a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The northeast monsoon, from November to February, brings heavy rainfall and generally improved air quality as precipitation effectively scrubs the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. The driest period, from June to September, often coincides with increased agricultural activity, including land clearing and burning for rice cultivation, leading to spikes in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). This period is generally less favourable for outdoor activities, particularly for those with asthma or other respiratory conditions. Temperature inversions, common during calmer weather, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. March to May sees a transitional period with fluctuating conditions. Transboundary haze from Indonesian wildfires is most likely to affect Tumpat between July and October, carried by prevailing winds. Fog and reduced visibility can also occur during the wetter months. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during periods of haze or high agricultural burning. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is crucial throughout the year.