Badr Ḩunayn Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Badr Ḩunayn, nestled within the Al Madīnah al Munawwarah province of Saudi Arabia, occupies a unique geographic position approximately 25km southeast of the holy city of Medina. The terrain is characterised by a mix of volcanic fields and alluvial plains, remnants of ancient lava flows interspersed with wadis – dry riverbeds that occasionally flood during intense rainfall events. Situated at an elevation of roughly 780 meters (2,559 feet) above sea level, the area experiences a relatively moderate climate compared to the hotter coastal regions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly desert, transitioning to more rugged mountainous terrain further east. While not directly adjacent to the Red Sea, the city’s climate is influenced by its proximity, experiencing some degree of humidity. Badr Ḩunayn is not a major industrial hub; however, agricultural activity, primarily date farming, is prevalent in the surrounding oases. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp, with the city centre being relatively compact and transitioning rapidly into sparsely populated agricultural lands and open desert. This limited industrial presence and the prevailing wind patterns, generally blowing from the west, contribute to a baseline air quality that is less impacted by heavy industrial pollutants, but susceptible to dust and sandstorms common in the region. The open landscape allows for good dispersion under normal conditions, but topographic features can create localised pockets of stagnation.

Air quality in Badr Ḩunayn follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter (December-February) generally offers the cleanest air, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall suppressing dust. However, temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the early morning hours. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in dust levels as temperatures rise and winds pick up, carrying sand from the surrounding desert. This is a period of moderate air quality. Summer (June-August) is characterised by extremely high temperatures and strong winds, leading to frequent and intense dust storms. These ‘Shamal’ winds, originating from the north, significantly degrade air quality, making it the most challenging season for respiratory health. Avoid prolonged outdoor exertion during these periods. Autumn (September-November) brings a transitional period. Dust levels begin to subside as temperatures moderate, but occasional storms can still occur. The cooler evenings can also experience temperature inversions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should monitor conditions closely and limit outdoor activity during dust events throughout the year. The lack of significant rainfall for much of the year means pollutants aren’t efficiently washed from the atmosphere, exacerbating issues during peak dust seasons.