Kanel Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Kanel, nestled within the Matam Region of Senegal (15.4833° N, -13.1667° W), occupies a geographically significant position on the southern edge of the Sahel, bordering Mauritania. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the expansive floodplain of the Senegal River, a vital artery for agriculture and regional connectivity. This low-lying landscape, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, contributes to a unique atmospheric profile. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the riverine ecosystem, transitioning into sparse savanna grasslands further inland. Extensive agricultural zones, particularly dedicated to rice and groundnut cultivation, define the rural gradient surrounding Kanel, influencing local land use patterns and potential sources of particulate matter. While Kanel itself is a relatively small urban centre with a population of approximately 12,975, its proximity to larger regional markets and trade routes along the river generates some vehicular traffic. The Senegal River’s presence moderates temperatures to a degree, but also introduces humidity, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The lack of significant elevation and the flat topography limit natural air circulation, potentially exacerbating the impact of local emissions. The region's climate is semi-arid, with a distinct wet and dry season, impacting vegetation cover and dust generation, both of which influence air quality. The urban character is largely traditional, with a mix of mud-brick and more modern construction, influencing the urban heat island effect and potential for localised pollution.

Kanel’s air quality experiences a pronounced seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The wet season, typically spanning from June to September, brings increased rainfall and a relative decrease in particulate matter due to frequent rain events that wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, the increased agricultural activity during this period, including burning of crop residues after harvest, can introduce localised spikes in smoke and carbon monoxide. The dry season, from October to May, presents a more challenging air quality scenario. Reduced rainfall leads to drier soils, increasing the potential for windblown dust, a significant contributor to particulate pollution. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (November-February), trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings, leading to periods of stagnant air. Strong Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, frequently impact the region during this time, carrying vast quantities of dust and sand, significantly degrading air quality. March and April often see a gradual increase in humidity as the wet season approaches, but dust events can still occur. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of high dust activity. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although agricultural burning should be considered. The prevalence of wood-burning stoves for cooking in many households contributes to indoor air pollution, a significant health concern, regardless of the season.