Keles Air Quality Index (AQI)

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Keles, a city nestled within the Toshkent Province of Uzbekistan, occupies a unique geographic position at coordinates 41.4033°N, 69.2067°E. Situated in the Fergana Valley, a densely populated and agriculturally rich region, Keles benefits from fertile alluvial soils but also faces inherent air quality challenges. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the valley floor, with a gradual rise towards the surrounding mountains – the western Tian Shan range – which provide a dramatic backdrop. This topography can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level. Keles is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though irrigation canals are prevalent due to the intensive agricultural practices. The city’s proximity to Toshkent, Uzbekistan’s capital and a significant industrial hub, means it’s downwind of potential emissions on certain wind patterns. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Keles itself is a smaller city of around 30,600 inhabitants, surrounded by agricultural land and smaller villages. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during harvest seasons, is a significant local contributor to particulate matter. The valley’s semi-arid climate further exacerbates dust suspension. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Keles.

Keles experiences a continental climate with distinct seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter from agricultural preparations – plowing and fertilizer application – coupled with dust storms. Winds pick up, dispersing these pollutants. Summer (June-August) is typically drier, with higher temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions, potentially leading to ozone formation, especially downwind of Toshkent. While winds can offer some dispersion, temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants. Autumn (September-November) is often the worst period for air quality. The post-harvest burning of agricultural residue releases significant smoke and particulate matter, exacerbated by cooler temperatures and increasing temperature inversions. November is particularly problematic. Winter (December-February) brings colder temperatures and reduced wind speeds, leading to increased reliance on coal and wood for heating, contributing to higher levels of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Fog can also trap pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Spring can also pose risks due to agricultural dust. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak burning periods are advisable.