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Khulm, situated in the Balkh province of Afghanistan, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Central Asian landscape. Located at approximately 36.68°N, 67.68°E, the city rests on a relatively flat alluvial plain formed by the tributaries of the Amu Darya River, historically known as the Oxus. This fertile plain, a legacy of ancient river systems, supports intensive agricultural activity, primarily wheat and cotton cultivation, which contributes to regional dust levels. The surrounding terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills and steppe grasslands, gradually transitioning into the more rugged Hindu Kush mountains to the northeast. Khulm’s elevation, around 330 meters (1,083 feet) above sea level, influences local weather patterns and atmospheric stability. The city’s proximity to the Amu Darya, though not directly adjacent, means it’s susceptible to transboundary dust events originating from the river’s arid basin. The urban–rural gradient around Khulm is relatively sharp; agricultural fields quickly give way to residential areas, with limited industrial zones currently present. However, the increasing use of older, less efficient vehicles and the burning of agricultural waste after harvest contribute to localized air pollution. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west, carry dust and pollutants from surrounding agricultural lands and potentially from further afield, impacting air quality within the city. The flat topography limits dispersion, potentially trapping pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions, especially during certain times of the year.

Khulm’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees elevated dust levels due to increased wind speeds and the plowing and sowing of fields, stirring up fine particles. This period is characterized by a gradual warming trend, but temperature inversions can still occur, trapping pollutants close to the ground, particularly in the early morning. Summer (June-August) brings hotter temperatures and generally calmer winds, which can lead to stagnant air and the accumulation of pollutants from vehicle emissions and domestic sources. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields, significantly degrades air quality during this time. Autumn (September-November) is typically the most challenging period, with a combination of factors contributing to poor air quality. Cooler temperatures promote temperature inversions, while persistent winds carry dust from the surrounding agricultural lands. The burning of crop residue is at its peak, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants. Winter (December-February) generally offers a slight improvement, with colder temperatures and occasional precipitation helping to clear the air. However, fog, common during winter mornings, can trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during spring and autumn, particularly on days with high dust levels or visible smoke. During summer, avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat and pollution periods is advisable.