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Ouamri, nestled within the Aïn Defla province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s north-central region. Located at coordinates 36.2333° N, 2.5667° E, the city is situated amidst the Tell Atlas mountain range, a landscape characterized by rolling hills and valleys. The terrain is predominantly undulating, influencing local wind patterns and contributing to potential pockets of air stagnation. Ouamri’s elevation, approximately 900 meters above sea level, moderates temperatures but can also exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, roughly 80km north, introduces maritime influences on regional climate. The surrounding area is a mix of agricultural land – primarily olive groves and cereal crops – and sparsely populated rural areas. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Ouamri serving as a regional service centre for the surrounding agricultural communities. Limited industrial activity exists within the city itself, but regional transport routes passing through Aïn Defla province contribute to vehicular emissions. The city’s location within a valley can limit atmospheric dispersion, potentially concentrating pollutants during calm weather conditions. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Ouamri.

Ouamri experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) brings increased agricultural activity, potentially raising particulate matter from field preparation and fertilizer use. Gentle winds generally aid dispersion, making it a relatively favourable period for outdoor activity, though dust from the Sahara can occasionally arrive. Summer (June-August) is hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions and infrequent rainfall. This often leads to a build-up of pollutants, particularly ozone, due to increased sunlight and stagnant air. August is typically the most challenging month. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, the start of the heating season can introduce emissions from wood and fossil fuel burning. Winter (December-February) is mild but damp, with occasional fog. Temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially during calm, clear nights. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. Monitoring wind direction is key, as winds from the south can bring Saharan dust. Overall, spring and autumn offer the best air quality, while summer and winter require greater caution.