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El Amria, nestled within the Aïn Temouchent province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean coast. Located at approximately 35.53°N, 1.02°W, the city’s coordinates place it within a region characterized by a gradual transition from the Tell Atlas Mountains to the coastal plains. The surrounding landscape is a blend of rolling hills, fertile agricultural land, and the expansive Mediterranean Sea. El Amria’s elevation, while relatively modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The proximity to the sea introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures and increasing humidity, but also potentially carrying marine aerosols. Inland, the presence of agricultural zones, particularly olive groves and cereal fields, can contribute to particulate matter, especially during harvesting seasons. The urban–rural gradient around El Amria is relatively smooth, with smaller villages and agricultural areas interspersed within a short distance of the city limits. While not a major industrial hub, the region supports some light industry and processing facilities, which can contribute to localized air pollution. The Tell Atlas Mountains to the south act as a barrier, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, while prevailing winds from the northwest generally provide some degree of ventilation, though this is highly variable. The terrain’s undulating nature can also create areas of stagnant air, exacerbating pollution episodes. The coastal location means the city is susceptible to sea breezes and coastal fog, which can impact air quality by either dispersing or concentrating pollutants.

El Amria’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate. The warm, dry summers (June-August) often see a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased solar radiation, which promotes photochemical smog formation. Stagnant air conditions, occasionally caused by high-pressure systems, can trap pollutants close to the ground, particularly in the lower-lying areas of the city. The agricultural activity during this period, including fertilizer application and harvesting, can also contribute to emissions. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement as winds increase and rainfall returns, helping to disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the region, can lead to spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging period for air quality. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, frequently occur, trapping pollutants and leading to poor visibility and elevated concentrations. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by limiting dispersion. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, winds strengthen, and rainfall increases. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. Avoiding strenuous exercise and staying indoors with air filtration systems are recommended during periods of poor air quality. The increased humidity in the spring and autumn can sometimes alleviate respiratory discomfort, but vigilance remains crucial.