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Bordj el Bahri, nestled within the Alger province of Algeria, occupies a strategic position along the Mediterranean coastline, at coordinates 36.8167°N, 3.2333°E. The city’s geography is defined by its proximity to the sea, with a relatively flat coastal plain gradually rising towards the Tell Atlas mountains inland. This terrain significantly influences local air quality. The urban character is a blend of residential areas and smaller industrial activities, typical of a peri-urban community serving the larger Algiers metropolitan area. Surrounding Bordj el Bahri are agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to citrus and olive cultivation, alongside pockets of semi-arid scrubland. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from denser housing to open agricultural fields. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast, carry maritime air, but can also transport pollutants from the industrial zones of Algiers, located to the west. The coastal location moderates temperatures, but also creates conditions conducive to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The city’s elevation is low, further exacerbating the potential for pollutant accumulation. The Mediterranean Sea offers some dispersion, but its effect is limited by the prevailing wind patterns and the proximity of pollution sources.

Air quality in Bordj el Bahri exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter months, though agricultural burning for land preparation can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summer (June-August) typically presents the clearest air, driven by consistent sea breezes and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. However, increased traffic due to tourism and local movement can contribute to localised nitrogen dioxide spikes. Autumn (September-November) marks a deterioration in air quality as temperatures fall and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants. This period often coincides with the start of heating season, increasing reliance on fossil fuels. Winter (December-February) is generally the worst period for air quality, characterised by stagnant air masses, frequent temperature inversions, and increased heating demand. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during these months. Fog, common in winter, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Months to favour for outdoor activity are June through August, while November through February require heightened caution. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; easterly winds can bring pollutants from inland areas.