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Arris, nestled within the Batna State of Algeria (35.2500° N, 6.3500° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Saharan Atlas mountains. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a consequence of the region’s complex geological history. Situated at an elevation of approximately 1080 meters (3543 feet) above sea level, Arris benefits from a relatively cool climate compared to lower-lying Saharan regions, though it remains firmly within a semi-arid zone. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of arid scrubland, sparse grasslands, and pockets of olive groves, reflecting the resilience of agriculture in this challenging environment. The urban footprint of Arris is compact, reflecting its relatively small population of 32,597. The city’s proximity to the Aurès Mountains to the south influences local wind patterns, often channeling breezes that can both disperse and concentrate pollutants. To the north and east lie extensive agricultural zones, primarily focused on cereal cultivation and livestock rearing, which can contribute to particulate matter through dust storms and agricultural practices. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with the city bordered by a patchwork of agricultural fields and increasingly arid landscapes. This location, while offering some climatic advantages, also presents challenges regarding air quality, particularly concerning dust intrusion from the Sahara and potential emissions from nearby agricultural activities and limited industrial operations within the region. The lack of significant water bodies nearby further limits natural air purification processes.

Arris experiences a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality, largely dictated by meteorological conditions and regional dust events. Spring (March-May) often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter as the Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, intensify, carrying fine dust particles across the region. These winds are frequently accompanied by temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, particularly during calmer periods. Summer (June-August) generally brings clearer skies and improved air quality due to stronger, more consistent winds that disperse pollutants. However, intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation, though this is typically less of a concern than particulate matter. Autumn (September-November) mirrors spring, with a resurgence of Saharan dust events as wind patterns shift. The cooler temperatures can also lead to increased fog formation, further trapping pollutants. Winter (December-February) is typically the most favourable season for air quality, with cooler temperatures and more frequent rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during spring and autumn, limiting outdoor activities during periods of high dust concentration. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can also contribute to localized pollution episodes, particularly during the transition periods between seasons. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is advisable throughout the year, but especially during periods of elevated dust levels. Public health advisories are often issued during significant dust storms, recommending minimizing outdoor exposure and wearing masks.