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Souma, nestled within the Blida Province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s north-central region. Located at coordinates 36.5183, 2.9053, the city sits on the slopes of the Tell Atlas mountain range, influencing its climate and air quality. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills transitioning into the Mitidja Plain, a fertile agricultural zone that surrounds Souma. This proximity to intensive farming introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and agricultural practices. Souma’s elevation, approximately 200 meters above sea level, contributes to temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground. The Mediterranean Sea lies roughly 60 kilometers to the north, offering some moderating influence on temperatures but not significantly impacting prevailing wind patterns. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Blida Province as a whole hosts some industrial activity, and prevailing winds can transport pollutants from these areas towards Souma. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits, creating a complex interplay between rural emissions and urban concentrations. Understanding this interplay is crucial for effective air quality management in Souma.

Souma experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. Winter (December-February) often sees stagnant air masses and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants from residential heating – primarily wood and gas – leading to poorer air quality. Fog is also common, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings increased wind activity, dispersing pollutants, and rainfall washes atmospheric particles, offering a period of improved air quality. However, agricultural burning begins in preparation for planting, introducing localised smoke. Summer (June-August) is typically dry and hot, with strong winds that can transport dust from the Sahara Desert, significantly impacting particulate matter levels. This is often the worst period for respiratory issues. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual return to cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, improving air quality, but agricultural waste burning continues. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak summer dust events and winter stagnation periods. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity near agricultural areas during burning seasons is also advisable. The dry season generally presents the greatest challenges for maintaining good air quality in Souma.