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Melouza, nestled within the Bordj Bou Arréridj province of Algeria, occupies a strategically significant position at approximately 35.9808° N, 4.1861° E. The city’s geography is dominated by the foothills of the Aurès Mountains, a range known for its rugged terrain and diverse microclimates. Situated at an elevation of roughly 1100 meters (3600 feet) above sea level, Melouza benefits from a relatively cool climate compared to lower-lying Algerian cities, but this elevation also contributes to unique air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of semi-arid scrubland, terraced agricultural fields, and pockets of dense woodland, typical of the Mediterranean biome. The Aurès Mountains to the north and east act as a partial barrier, influencing wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While Melouza lacks direct proximity to large bodies of water, the Chelif River, though distant, influences regional weather systems. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural zones, primarily focused on cereal cultivation and olive groves, bordering the city limits. Further afield, industrial activity is concentrated in larger urban centers like Bordj Bou Arréridj, with occasional smaller-scale processing facilities impacting regional air quality. The topography, combined with the prevailing winds and agricultural practices, creates a complex interplay that shapes Melouza’s air quality profile, making it susceptible to localized pollution events and seasonal variations.

Melouza’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its Mediterranean climate and mountainous terrain. During the dry summer months (June-August), high temperatures and reduced rainfall contribute to stagnant air conditions. The lack of precipitation limits the natural cleansing effect of rain, allowing dust and particulate matter to accumulate. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. Agricultural activities, including harvesting and the use of machinery, also contribute to particulate pollution. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement as temperatures cool and winds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice, can lead to localized spikes in smoke and particulate matter. Winter (December-February) often sees the most challenging air quality due to frequent fog and temperature inversions, which trap pollutants and reduce visibility. The cold air holds less moisture, further hindering pollutant dispersal. Spring (March-May) generally offers the best air quality, with increased rainfall and stronger winds. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. Avoiding strenuous exercise during stagnant air events is also advisable. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for mitigating potential health risks.