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Ténès, a coastal city in the Chlef Province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean Sea at coordinates 36.5122° N, 1.3044° E. The city is nestled between the Tell Atlas mountain range to the south and the Mediterranean coastline, creating a unique microclimate and influencing air quality patterns. The terrain is characterised by a gentle slope descending towards the sea, with fertile plains historically dedicated to agriculture – primarily cereals and vineyards – surrounding the urban core. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter from dust and biomass burning. Ténès benefits from sea breezes, which can offer some dispersion of pollutants, but also experiences periods of stagnation, particularly during summer anticyclonic conditions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly transitioning to denser residential and commercial areas. The presence of the nearby industrial zones in the Chlef province, though not directly within Ténès, can contribute to transboundary pollution events. The city’s location within a natural corridor also means it’s susceptible to Saharan dust intrusions, significantly impacting air quality. Understanding this interplay of geographical factors is crucial for effective air quality management in Ténès.

Air quality in Ténès follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter months, though Saharan dust events remain frequent, bringing particulate matter and reducing visibility. These dust storms, driven by the Sirocco wind, are most common in March and April. Summer (June-August) is typically characterised by stable atmospheric conditions and high temperatures, leading to increased ozone formation and potential for pollutant build-up, especially near the coast. The sea breeze, while offering some relief, can also trap pollutants. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period with decreasing temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to wash away pollutants, improving air quality. However, agricultural burning of crop residue during this period can cause localised spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) experiences cooler temperatures and increased precipitation, generally resulting in the best air quality. However, temperature inversions can occur, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during spring and summer months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity on days with high dust levels or ozone warnings. Monitoring wind patterns and local agricultural practices is key to predicting pollution episodes.