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Didouche Mourad, nestled within the Constantine State of Algeria, occupies a strategically significant position in the northeastern region of the country. Located at approximately 36.45°N, 6.63°E, the city’s geography is profoundly shaped by its setting within the Tell Atlas Mountains. The terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, with an elevation that contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a blend of semi-arid scrubland and terraced agricultural fields, reflecting the region’s historical reliance on irrigation and cultivation. Constantine itself is renowned for its dramatic bridges spanning the Rhumel River, a vital water source and a defining feature of the urban landscape. The city’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, roughly 70 kilometers to the north, introduces a maritime influence, though the intervening mountainous terrain moderates its direct impact. To the west and south, agricultural zones, primarily focused on cereal crops and olive groves, contribute to potential dust and pollen emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with small villages and agricultural land dominating the immediate periphery. The mountainous topography can trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm winds, leading to localized air quality challenges. Industrial activity, though not as extensive as in larger Algerian cities, is present, primarily centered around food processing and light manufacturing, adding to the potential for localized emissions. The city’s location within a basin-like structure further exacerbates the potential for pollutant accumulation.

Didouche Mourad experiences a Mediterranean climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) typically sees a rise in pollen levels from surrounding agricultural lands, potentially aggravating respiratory conditions. Dust storms, originating from the Sahara Desert to the south, are more frequent during this period, carried by northerly winds, reducing visibility and increasing particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by hot, dry conditions and relatively stable atmospheric layers. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are common, hindering vertical mixing and leading to pollutant accumulation, particularly in the evenings. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual cooling and increased wind speeds, which help to disperse pollutants, leading to improved air quality. However, agricultural burning practices, common during harvest, can temporarily elevate smoke levels. Winter (December-February) is the coolest and wettest season, with occasional rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. Fog, particularly in the mornings, can trap pollutants close to the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory illnesses, should exercise caution during periods of dust storms, temperature inversions, and fog. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the autumn months when wind speeds are higher and rainfall is more frequent, though pollen allergies should still be considered during spring. Minimizing exposure during peak evening hours in summer is advisable.