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Aïn Mabed, nestled within the Djelfa State of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position on the fringes of the Saharan Atlas mountains. Located at approximately 34.8°N, 3.13°E, the city’s elevation of around 850 meters above sea level contributes to a unique microclimate and influences its air quality dynamics. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a transition zone between the arid Sahara Desert and the more fertile plains of northern Algeria. This creates a complex interplay of wind patterns and temperature gradients. The terrain is predominantly undulating, with rocky outcrops and sparse vegetation typical of semi-arid environments. While Aïn Mabed lacks direct proximity to major bodies of water, it benefits from occasional moisture-laden winds originating from the Mediterranean Sea, though these are often disrupted by the intervening mountain ranges. The urban fabric of Aïn Mabed is relatively compact, reflecting its smaller population of approximately 20,000. The immediate surroundings are a mix of agricultural land, primarily focused on cereal cultivation and olive groves, and scattered rural settlements. Further afield, the region is marked by a gradual urban–rural gradient, with larger towns and cities situated further north. The city’s location within a basin-like topography can exacerbate air pollution episodes, particularly during periods of temperature inversion, as pollutants tend to become trapped within the valley. The absence of significant industrial belts directly adjacent to Aïn Mabed mitigates some pollution sources, but agricultural practices and vehicular emissions remain key factors.

Aïn Mabed’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its semi-arid climate and prevailing meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable air quality, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Sahara can occasionally impact air quality during this period. Summer (June-August) is typically characterized by high temperatures and reduced rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, common during calm nights, trap pollutants near the ground, potentially increasing localized concentrations. The dry heat also encourages dust resuspension from agricultural fields. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual shift in wind patterns, bringing cooler temperatures and increased wind speeds, which help to ventilate the atmosphere. However, agricultural burning practices, a common occurrence during harvest season, can contribute to elevated particulate matter levels. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period for air quality. Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants and creating prolonged episodes of poor air quality. Fog, particularly in December and January, further exacerbates the situation by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and avoid areas with visible smoke or dust. During summer, staying hydrated and avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat hours is crucial. Spring and autumn offer the best opportunities for outdoor recreation, but vigilance regarding dust storms and agricultural burning is advised.