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Sidi Ladjel, nestled within the Djelfa State of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position on the northern fringes of the Sahara Desert. Located at approximately 35.43°N, 2.50°E, the city’s elevation of around 750 meters above sea level contributes to a unique microclimate and influences its air quality dynamics. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a transition zone between the arid Sahara and the more temperate northern plains. Rolling hills and plateaus dominate the immediate vicinity, interspersed with pockets of agricultural land primarily dedicated to cereal crops and olive groves. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions. Sidi Ladjel’s relative isolation, far from major industrial belts, initially suggests cleaner air, but the Saharan influence is undeniable. The city experiences frequent dust intrusions, particularly during wind events originating from the desert interior. The urban fabric itself is relatively compact, a small town rather than a sprawling metropolis, which limits localized pollution from dense traffic. However, the urban–rural gradient is sharp, with agricultural practices and livestock raising occurring very close to the town limits, potentially impacting air quality through ammonia emissions and biomass burning. The lack of significant surface water bodies nearby means humidity is generally low, which can exacerbate the dispersion of airborne pollutants. The terrain, with its undulating hills, can also create localized areas of stagnant air, particularly during periods of calm weather, hindering pollutant dispersal.

Sidi Ladjel’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its semi-arid climate and Saharan proximity. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing accumulated dust and pollutants. However, this period is also marked by increased agricultural activity, potentially leading to elevated levels of ammonia and particulate matter from fertilizer application and field preparation. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by hot, dry conditions and relatively stable atmospheric layers. Temperature inversions, common during this season, can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the evenings and early mornings. Dust storms originating from the Sahara are also more frequent during the summer months, significantly degrading air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings a noticeable shift, with cooler temperatures and increased wind speeds, leading to improved air quality. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing, can contribute to localized spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Cold, calm conditions frequently lead to temperature inversions and stagnant air, trapping pollutants and increasing the risk of respiratory issues. Fog, while infrequent, can also exacerbate the problem by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and avoid strenuous exercise during periods of stagnant air or dust storms. Staying indoors with air filtration can provide some relief.