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Hassi Kélifa, nestled in the El Oued Province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahara Desert’s fringes. Located at approximately 33.5622° N, 6.9903° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly characterized by undulating sand dunes and rocky plateaus, typical of the Saharan landscape. Its elevation, around 450 meters above sea level, contributes to a generally dry climate and influences local wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is almost entirely arid, transitioning into the vast expanse of the Sahara, with sparse vegetation limited to drought-resistant shrubs and grasses. Hassi Kélifa’s proximity to the Sahara dictates a strong urban–rural gradient; the city represents a concentrated hub of activity amidst a sea of sparsely populated desert settlements. Historically, the region’s significance stemmed from its oil and gas reserves, leading to the development of associated infrastructure and a degree of industrial activity, though this has lessened in recent decades. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the city draws its water supply from deep aquifers, a factor impacting sustainability and potentially influencing local dust emissions during extraction and usage. The lack of significant natural barriers means that pollutants can travel relatively long distances, and the prevailing winds from the Sahara can introduce dust and sand, impacting air quality. The urban character is defined by low-rise buildings adapted to the harsh climate, with a focus on shaded courtyards and traditional architectural styles. The regional position, a crossroads for trade routes, has historically shaped its development, but also exposes it to external influences, including transboundary dust events.

Hassi Kélifa’s air quality is inextricably linked to its Saharan climate, exhibiting a distinct seasonal pattern. The dry season, spanning roughly from October to April, is generally characterized by lower humidity and increased wind speeds, which can temporarily disperse pollutants. However, this period also sees a surge in dust storms, originating from the Sahara, significantly degrading air quality. These storms, often occurring in November and March, can reduce visibility and exacerbate respiratory issues. The summer months (June-August) are marked by intense heat and atmospheric stability, frequently leading to temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, resulting in periods of stagnant air and potentially elevated concentrations of particulate matter. The intense solar radiation during summer also contributes to photochemical smog formation, although the relatively low levels of nitrogen oxides compared to more industrialized cities mitigate this effect. The transitional seasons (April-May and September-October) are often the most variable, with fluctuating wind patterns and temperature gradients. Fog, though infrequent, can also occur during cooler nights, trapping pollutants and reducing air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during dust storms and periods of stagnant air, particularly during the summer months. Hydration is crucial year-round, but especially during the hotter periods. Protective masks can offer some relief during dust events, but their effectiveness is limited.