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’Aïn Kerma, nestled in the El Tarf province of northeastern Algeria, occupies a unique geographic position. Situated at coordinates 36.5939, 8.2011, the city lies on a relatively flat plain, part of the wider coastal plains extending along the Mediterranean Sea, though it is approximately 20km inland. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills transitioning into the Tell Atlas mountains further south, influencing local wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with significant olive groves and cereal farming, typical of the region. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and seasonal burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; ’Aïn Kerma is a relatively small city, quickly giving way to rural farmland. Its proximity to the Tunisian border also means it can be affected by transboundary pollution events. The Mediterranean climate moderates temperatures, but the lack of significant industrial belts within the immediate vicinity suggests that local air quality is more heavily influenced by agricultural practices, seasonal weather patterns, and potentially, dust blown in from the Sahara Desert to the south. Elevation is relatively low, around 100m, which doesn’t promote strong atmospheric mixing.

Air quality in ’Aïn Kerma follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the Mediterranean climate. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter, but agricultural burning to prepare fields for planting can temporarily elevate particulate matter levels. Summer (June-August) is generally the clearest period, with prevailing winds from the sea helping to disperse pollutants and high temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged heatwaves can trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) often experiences a deterioration in air quality as temperatures drop and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants. This is also harvest time, with increased agricultural activity contributing to dust and smoke. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging period. Reduced sunlight and stagnant air masses lead to pollutant build-up, and increased use of solid fuels for heating can exacerbate the problem. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. The months of June, July, and August generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor pursuits. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the south can bring Saharan dust, impacting air quality regardless of the season.