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Ksar el Boukhari, nestled within the Médéa province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the High Atlas Mountains foothills. Located at coordinates 35.8856, 2.7508, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 800 meters, influencing its climate and air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and plateaus, typical of the Tell Atlas range, transitioning into more rugged mountainous terrain further south. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city is within reach of several wadis (seasonal riverbeds) that contribute to localised humidity. Ksar el Boukhari’s urban character is that of a growing provincial centre, exhibiting a blend of traditional Algerian architecture and modern development. The region is predominantly agricultural, with olive groves and cereal farming dominating the surrounding lands. This agricultural activity, alongside smaller-scale industrial operations within and around Médéa city (approximately 80km north), contributes to particulate matter and potential ammonia emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means that prevailing winds can readily transport agricultural dust and pollutants into Ksar el Boukhari, impacting local air quality. The terrain’s topography can also trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality issues.

Air quality in Ksar el Boukhari experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm, largely dictated by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as rainfall washes away accumulated winter pollutants, though agricultural burning for land preparation can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is typically the driest period, with hot, stable air masses leading to increased concentrations of ozone and dust, particularly during periods of strong Sirocco winds originating from the Sahara. August often presents the poorest air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period, with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall improving conditions, but also potential for stagnant air and temperature inversions trapping pollutants. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cold, damp conditions and reduced sunlight, leading to increased reliance on solid fuel heating, which elevates particulate matter levels. January and February are often the months with the most concerning air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution periods, particularly in summer and winter. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity near agricultural areas during burning seasons is also advisable. Fog, common in the cooler months, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations.