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Chelghoum el Aïd, nestled within the Mila Province of Algeria, occupies a strategically important position in the country’s northeastern region. Located at approximately 36.1667° N, 6.1667° E, the city sits on a relatively flat plain, part of the larger Tell Atlas foothills, at an elevation of around 350 meters above sea level. This location places it within a transitional zone between the coastal Mediterranean plains and the more rugged interior highlands. The surrounding landscape is characterized by agricultural land, primarily dedicated to cereal cultivation and olive groves, interspersed with pockets of scrubland and sparse vegetation typical of the semi-arid climate. To the north, the Mediterranean Sea exerts a moderating influence on temperatures, though its direct impact on Chelghoum el Aïd’s air quality is somewhat limited by distance. The city’s proximity to the industrial belt centered around Skikda, roughly 60 kilometers to the east, is a significant factor. This area hosts petrochemical industries and refineries, which can contribute to regional air pollution episodes. The urban–rural gradient around Chelghoum el Aïd is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural communities blending into the city’s periphery. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest during much of the year, can transport pollutants from industrial sources, impacting local air quality. Topography, while not dramatically mountainous, can still contribute to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm weather, trapping emissions within the valley-like terrain. The flat landscape also limits natural dispersion of pollutants.

Chelghoum el Aïd experiences a Mediterranean climate, dictating a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The dry summer months (June-August) often see a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased temperatures. High temperatures promote photochemical reactions, leading to the formation of ground-level ozone, a significant respiratory irritant. Calm conditions are also more frequent during this period, hindering the dispersal of emissions from local sources and the nearby Skikda industrial zone. Spring (March-May) brings a slight improvement as winds increase and rainfall returns, washing away some particulate matter. However, dust storms originating from the Sahara can occasionally impact air quality, particularly in March and April, introducing coarse particulate matter. Autumn (September-November) is generally the most pleasant time for outdoor activities, with moderate temperatures and relatively stable air quality. The cooler, wetter winter months (December-February) typically offer the best air quality, although periods of fog, particularly in December and January, can trap pollutants close to the ground, creating localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months and be mindful of potential dust events in spring. During periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion is advisable. Agricultural practices, such as burning crop residue after harvest, can also contribute to localized air pollution events, particularly in late summer and early autumn, impacting nearby communities.