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Azzaba, nestled within the Skikda province of Algeria, occupies a strategically important coastal position on the Mediterranean Sea. Located at approximately 36.73°N, 7.10°E, the city’s geography is characterized by a gently sloping coastal plain transitioning into the foothills of the Tell Atlas Mountains to the south. This terrain influences local air circulation patterns; prevailing northerly winds from the Mediterranean often moderate coastal air quality, but can also carry pollutants inland. Azzaba’s proximity to the sea provides a degree of humidity, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land, primarily focused on citrus and olive cultivation, and increasingly, urban sprawl. To the west, the industrial belt of Skikda, with its oil refineries and petrochemical plants, represents a significant potential source of air pollution, impacting Azzaba’s air quality depending on wind direction. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city gradually blending into agricultural areas. The elevation of Azzaba itself is relatively low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months. The city’s location within a relatively narrow coastal strip also limits dispersion of pollutants, making it susceptible to localized air quality issues. The presence of the Mediterranean influences the climate, contributing to a relatively mild, humid environment, which can affect the behaviour and persistence of airborne particulate matter.

Azzaba’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. During the warmer months (June-August), the dominant northerly winds from the Mediterranean generally provide good ventilation, dispersing pollutants and leading to relatively cleaner air. However, periods of stagnant high pressure can occur, trapping pollutants and creating localized hotspots, particularly near industrial areas. The dry season, spanning from April to September, sees lower rainfall, which reduces the natural cleansing effect of precipitation and can allow dust and particulate matter to accumulate. Autumn (September-November) often brings a gradual shift, with decreasing wind speeds and the increased likelihood of temperature inversions, especially during the evenings. These inversions trap cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants released from industrial sources and vehicular traffic. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging air quality period, with frequent temperature inversions and calmer winds. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as winds increase and temperatures rise. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the autumn and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or fog. Avoiding peak traffic hours and staying informed about local air quality conditions are also advisable throughout the year.