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Luquembo, situated in the Malanje Province of Angola at approximately -10.7333° latitude and 17.8833° longitude, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s central highlands. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a consequence of the region’s geological history and the erosive forces of the Cuembo River, which flows nearby. This riverine influence moderates the local climate to some extent, providing a source of moisture and influencing humidity levels. Luquembo’s elevation, while not exceptionally high, contributes to localized temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of dense tropical forests and agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to coffee and sugarcane cultivation – key economic drivers for the region. This agricultural activity, while vital, introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvesting and processing seasons. The urban–rural gradient around Luquembo is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural zones and then into the expansive forests of the Malanje Plateau. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Luquembo, but the province as a whole experiences some timber processing and small-scale mining operations, which could contribute to regional air pollution transported by prevailing winds. The city’s location within a relatively isolated region means that air masses are less frequently flushed out by larger-scale weather systems, potentially leading to pollutant accumulation.

Luquembo’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased sunshine hours. While this might seem beneficial, the reduced precipitation allows dust and particulate matter from agricultural activities and unpaved roads to accumulate, leading to periods of poorer air quality. Temperature inversions are more frequent during this period, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially in the mornings. The dry winds can also carry dust from surrounding agricultural fields and cleared land, exacerbating the issue. The wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. This rainfall naturally acts as a scrubber, removing particulate matter from the atmosphere and generally improving air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to flooding, which can release pollutants from stagnant water sources. Fog, a relatively infrequent occurrence, can also trap pollutants during the transitional months. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural activity or when dust storms are anticipated. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential flooding-related hazards remains important. The combination of reduced rainfall and temperature inversions during the dry season creates conditions where air quality is most likely to be impacted, demanding proactive measures to minimize emissions.