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Cañuelas, nestled within the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pampas region, a vast, fertile plain. Located approximately 50 kilometers southwest of Buenos Aires city, its coordinates (-35.0333, -58.7333) place it on gently undulating terrain, characterized by rich agricultural soils. The city’s landscape is dominated by expansive fields of grain and livestock pastures, reflecting its strong agricultural heritage. The Quilmes River, a tributary of the Río de la Plata, flows nearby, influencing local microclimates and providing a vital water source. Cañuelas sits at an elevation of roughly 25 meters above sea level, contributing to relatively stable atmospheric conditions, though susceptible to regional weather patterns. The urban fabric of Cañuelas exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient; the city center displays a more concentrated built environment, gradually transitioning to dispersed rural settlements and agricultural land as one moves outwards. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, Cañuelas’ proximity to Buenos Aires and its surrounding industrial belt means it can experience downwind transport of pollutants. The surrounding Pampas landscape, while generally open, can sometimes trap pollutants under specific meteorological conditions, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The prevailing winds, typically from the northeast, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating air pollutants, impacting local air quality and influencing the city’s overall environmental health. The fertile plains also contribute to biogenic emissions, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from vegetation, which can interact with other pollutants.

Cañuelas’ air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s temperate climate. The warmer months (December to February) are generally characterized by higher temperatures and increased solar radiation, leading to elevated levels of ozone, a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions. Stagnant air masses during these months can exacerbate this issue, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Conversely, the cooler months (June to August) often bring improved air quality due to lower temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, winter can also see periods of temperature inversion, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, effectively creating a lid that traps pollutants. Fog, common during the autumn (March-May) and spring (September-November), can also significantly reduce air quality by trapping particulate matter and other pollutants. The agricultural activities prevalent in the surrounding area contribute to seasonal variations; for example, the burning of agricultural residues after harvest, though regulated, can temporarily elevate particulate matter levels. During the wetter months, rainfall helps to cleanse the air, but periods of drought can lead to increased dust and particulate pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of high ozone or particulate matter, particularly during the warmer months and when temperature inversions are present. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the cooler, wetter months, but vigilance is still advised during periods of fog or stagnant air.