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General Rodríguez, nestled within Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pampas region. Located approximately 60 kilometers northwest of Buenos Aires city, it sits at an elevation of around 115 meters (377 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile Pampas plains, historically a vast expanse of grasslands. This flatness, however, can exacerbate air quality issues as it limits natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily dedicated to soybean and wheat cultivation – interspersed with smaller towns and rural settlements. This proximity to intensive agriculture introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, and from the application of fertilizers and pesticides. To the east lies the sprawling urban conurbation of Buenos Aires, a major industrial and economic hub, influencing General Rodríguez’s air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with residential areas blending into agricultural zones. The lack of significant natural barriers, such as mountains or dense forests, further reduces the city’s ability to filter air pollutants. The Paraná River, while not directly adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and humidity levels, which can impact pollutant behaviour. The city’s location within a densely populated province means it is susceptible to regional pollution events originating from larger urban centers.

Air quality in General Rodríguez exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s subtropical climate. Summer (December-February) often brings periods of stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves, leading to pollutant accumulation. High temperatures suppress atmospheric mixing, and the prevalence of temperature inversions traps pollutants near the ground. Agricultural activities intensify during this period, releasing dust and emissions from machinery. Autumn (March-May) typically sees improved air quality as temperatures cool and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can occasionally contribute to elevated particulate matter levels. Winter (June-August) is generally the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants and creating conditions conducive to fog, which further concentrates airborne particles. Residential heating, while not a major contributor compared to industrial sources, can add to the problem. Spring (September-November) marks a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and wind patterns become more variable. The onset of planting season introduces new sources of particulate matter, but overall, spring tends to be less polluted than winter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and summer months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or high heat. Monitoring local weather forecasts and agricultural activity reports can provide valuable insights into potential air quality risks.