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Martínez, situated in the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area of Argentina, occupies a relatively flat portion of the Pampas region. This vast, fertile grassland extends across much of central Argentina, contributing significantly to the region’s agricultural output. The city’s coordinates (-34.4833, -58.5000) place it approximately 15 kilometers north of Buenos Aires city centre, benefiting from a more suburban character while remaining closely linked to the capital’s economic and infrastructural networks. The terrain is gently undulating, with an elevation generally below 30 meters, facilitating urban sprawl. The Río Reconquista flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised temperature inversions. While not heavily industrialised itself, Martínez is downwind of significant industrial zones concentrated further south and west towards Avellaneda and Luján, meaning prevailing winds can transport pollutants into the area. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with agricultural land immediately surrounding the city, leading to seasonal burning of agricultural waste which impacts air quality. The dense population of Greater Buenos Aires, coupled with high vehicle density, creates a baseline level of urban air pollution. This combination of factors makes Martínez’s air quality sensitive to both regional and local emissions.

Martínez experiences a temperate climate with distinct seasons, profoundly influencing air quality. Spring (September-November) sees increasing agricultural activity, including controlled burns, leading to elevated particulate matter levels, particularly on calm days. Winds from the Pampas carry smoke into the city. Summer (December-February) brings hot, humid conditions and potential for photochemical smog formation due to increased sunlight and vehicle emissions. Temperature inversions, common during stable atmospheric conditions, trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (March-May) generally offers the best air quality, with decreasing agricultural activity and moderate temperatures. However, occasional strong winds can still transport pollutants from distant sources. Winter (June-August) is characterised by cooler temperatures and increased residential heating, primarily with gas but also some wood burning, contributing to particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Fog can exacerbate pollution by trapping emissions. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during spring and summer afternoons, and on cold, still winter mornings. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the south and west are more likely to carry industrial pollutants.