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Pergamino, situated in the northern reaches of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, occupies a relatively flat pampa landscape at an elevation of approximately 70-80 meters above sea level. This gently undulating terrain, characteristic of the Pampas region, facilitates agricultural activity, which profoundly shapes the city’s air quality profile. The city is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though the Salado River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and occasionally contributing to fog formation. Pergamino functions as a key agricultural hub, processing and exporting grains, particularly wheat and maize. This concentration of agricultural processing, alongside associated transport infrastructure – roads and rail lines – creates localised sources of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city centre is densely populated, while surrounding areas are dominated by expansive agricultural fields. This proximity to intensive farming practices means potential exposure to pesticides and ammonia, impacting air composition. Wind patterns, predominantly from the north, carry pollutants from agricultural activities towards and through the city. The lack of significant topographical barriers allows for limited natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating air quality concerns during periods of stagnation. The city’s industrial activity, though less dominant than agriculture, adds to the overall pollution load.

Pergamino experiences a temperate climate with distinct seasons that significantly influence air quality. Spring (September-November) sees increasing agricultural activity – planting and initial pesticide application – leading to a rise in particulate matter and ammonia. Gentle winds can trap pollutants, particularly during temperature inversions common in the mornings. Summers (December-February) are hot and humid, with occasional heatwaves. While winds are generally stronger, they can also stir up dust from agricultural fields, increasing PM10 levels. Autumn (March-May) is often considered the best time for outdoor activity, with cooler temperatures and moderate rainfall helping to cleanse the air. However, harvest season begins, increasing vehicle emissions from transport and dust from grain handling. Winters (June-August) are mild but can experience periods of stagnant air and fog, trapping pollutants near the ground. Increased use of heating fuels contributes to localised PM2.5 concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during spring and winter mornings, and be mindful of dust exposure during harvest in autumn. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; northerly winds often bring agricultural pollutants into the city.