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Pigüé, nestled within the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pampas region. Located at approximately -37.6167° latitude and -62.4167° longitude, the town sits on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the expansive grasslands that define the Pampas. Its elevation is modest, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific weather conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of cultivated fields and grazing pastures, reflecting the Pampas’ historical and ongoing importance as a major agricultural producer. This proximity to intensive farming practices introduces potential sources of air pollutants, including ammonia from fertilizer use and particulate matter from soil disturbance during planting and harvesting. Pigüé’s location isn’t directly adjacent to a major river or coastline, limiting the influence of maritime breezes that could otherwise aid in pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; the town blends seamlessly into the agricultural landscape, with residential areas interspersed amongst fields. While not situated within a major industrial belt, Pigüé’s regional connectivity via road networks means it can be affected by pollutants originating from larger urban centers like Buenos Aires, carried by prevailing winds. The Pampas’ climate, characterized by seasonal temperature variations and occasional strong winds, further influences the local air quality, impacting pollutant transport and dispersion patterns. The relatively low elevation and flat topography can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Pigüé’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the Pampas climate. Summer (December-February) often brings periods of stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves, which can lead to a build-up of pollutants from agricultural activities and distant urban sources. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these months, trapping emissions close to the ground. While generally drier, occasional dust storms from nearby agricultural fields can significantly elevate particulate matter levels. Autumn (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and wind patterns become more variable, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, can introduce significant smoke and particulate pollution during this period. Winter (June-August) typically presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold, stable air masses and frequent temperature inversions create a persistent layer of trapped pollutants, particularly in the mornings. Fog, common during winter, further exacerbates this issue by reducing visibility and hindering dispersion. Spring (September-November) generally offers the best air quality, with increased wind speeds and more frequent rainfall helping to flush out pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer and winter, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or high particulate matter. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of smoke exposure during autumn. Monitoring local weather forecasts and agricultural practices is crucial for anticipating and mitigating potential air quality impacts.