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La Falda, nestled in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas mountain range in Córdoba Province, Argentina, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pampas region. Located at approximately -31.08° latitude and -64.50° longitude, and with an elevation of around 650 meters above sea level, the city benefits from a relatively mild climate influenced by its proximity to the Andes. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills, vineyards, and orchards, indicative of the region’s agricultural productivity. La Falda’s urban character is that of a small, primarily residential town, with a distinct urban–rural gradient. The city itself is compact, with a noticeable transition to agricultural land and scattered rural settlements within a short distance. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the nearby Los Chorrillos stream provides a local water source and contributes to the area’s microclimate. The region’s industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on food processing related to the agricultural sector, and light manufacturing. However, Córdoba city, a significant industrial and commercial hub, lies approximately 60 kilometers to the north, and its influence, including potential for transboundary pollution, is a factor. The terrain, with its slopes and valleys, can influence local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized air quality variations. The city’s location within a basin-like topography can, under certain meteorological conditions, exacerbate the trapping of pollutants.

La Falda experiences a distinct seasonal cycle that significantly impacts its air quality. Summers (December-February) are typically hot and dry, often accompanied by periods of intense sunshine. This can lead to increased ground-level ozone formation, a secondary pollutant resulting from reactions involving sunlight and precursor gases like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. The dry conditions also contribute to dust and particulate matter, particularly from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. Autumn (March-May) brings a gradual cooling and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere and reduce ozone levels. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the region to clear fields, can introduce significant particulate pollution during this period. Winter (June-August) often sees the development of temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground. This phenomenon can lead to stagnant air and the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. Fog, common during winter mornings, further exacerbates this issue by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Spring (September-November) marks a transition period with increasing temperatures and rainfall, gradually improving air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer afternoons and winter mornings, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and monitoring for respiratory irritation. Agricultural burning poses a particular risk during autumn, and residents should be aware of potential smoke plumes.