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Río Tercero, nestled in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, occupies a strategic position within the Pampas region, a vast South American grassland. Located at approximately -32.1833° latitude and -64.1000° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 120 meters (394 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by gently rolling plains, typical of the Pampas, transitioning into the foothills of the Sierras Chicas to the west. This proximity to the Sierras creates a localized topography that can influence air circulation patterns. The Río Tercero, from which the city derives its name, flows through the area, providing a vital water source and influencing local humidity. The city’s urban fabric is a blend of residential areas, commercial zones, and industrial activity, primarily focused on metalworking and manufacturing. Agriculture plays a significant role in the broader regional economy, with extensive fields of grains and livestock grazing in the surrounding areas. This agricultural activity, coupled with the presence of industrial zones, contributes to potential sources of air pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with smaller towns and agricultural settlements dotting the landscape within a 20-kilometer radius. The prevailing winds, generally from the west and northwest, can transport pollutants from industrial areas and agricultural fields towards the city, particularly during periods of calm weather. The relatively flat terrain can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during cooler months.

Río Tercero’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle driven by meteorological factors. The warmer months (December to February) are generally characterized by higher temperatures and increased convective mixing, which tends to disperse pollutants, leading to improved air quality. However, periods of intense heat can still contribute to ground-level ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Spring (September to November) often sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and wind patterns become more consistent. Autumn (March to May) presents a more complex picture. As temperatures cool, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, particularly during clear, calm nights. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of particulate matter and other pollutants. Winter (June to August) typically represents the most challenging period for air quality. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent temperature inversions and reduced wind speeds, can result in prolonged episodes of poor air quality. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods. During autumn and winter, it’s advisable to monitor local air quality reports and avoid prolonged exposure to areas with visible haze or reduced visibility. Increased use of heating systems, particularly those burning wood or other biomass fuels, can also contribute to localized pollution during the colder months.