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Joaquín V. González, nestled within the province of Salta in northwestern Argentina, occupies a geographically significant position within the Andean foothills. Located at approximately -25.0833° latitude and -64.1833° longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 1,100 meters (3,609 feet) above sea level, contributing to a cooler, drier climate compared to lower-lying regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the rugged, semi-arid terrain characteristic of the Chaco-Andean transition zone. To the west, the imposing Andes mountains rise dramatically, influencing regional weather patterns and creating a rain shadow effect that limits precipitation. Eastward, the terrain gradually descends into the expansive Chaco plain, a vast agricultural region. This proximity to agricultural lands, particularly those utilizing intensive farming practices, introduces potential sources of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the local atmosphere. Joaquín V. González’s urban character is that of a relatively small, rural-oriented settlement, primarily serving as a service hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to the town, but transportation routes connecting agricultural areas to larger urban centers like Salta city do pass nearby, contributing to localized traffic-related emissions. The urban–rural gradient is sharp, with agricultural fields and sparse vegetation defining the immediate periphery, impacting local wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The lack of significant water bodies nearby further limits natural air purification processes.

Air quality in Joaquín V. González exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of regional climate and agricultural activities. The warmer months, typically December to February, are characterized by increased agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue management. This practice releases significant quantities of particulate matter and smoke into the atmosphere, often leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated air pollution. During these months, temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, can exacerbate the problem by preventing pollutants from dispersing. Conversely, the cooler months (June to August) generally experience improved air quality due to reduced agricultural burning and increased rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, fog, common during these months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. The transitional seasons, March-May and September-November, present a mixed picture. Wind patterns are more variable, and agricultural activity gradually increases or decreases, leading to fluctuating pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the warmer months, particularly when agricultural burning is prevalent. Limiting outdoor exertion during periods of visible smoke is advisable. During foggy periods, even in cooler months, it’s prudent to minimize prolonged outdoor exposure. The dry climate overall contributes to a higher propensity for dust and particulate matter to remain suspended in the air, impacting air quality throughout the year.