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Capitán Bermúdez, nestled in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, occupies a strategic position on the western bank of the Paraná River, at approximately 25 meters above sea level. This relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the Pampas region, facilitates industrial development but also concentrates pollutants. The city’s urban character is defined by a blend of residential areas and industrial zones, particularly those related to port activity and agro-processing. Surrounding the city is a rich agricultural belt, primarily dedicated to soybean and maize cultivation, contributing to seasonal particulate matter from field preparation and harvesting. The Paraná River, while a vital transportation artery, also influences local air quality through humidity and potential for stagnant air masses. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly to expansive agricultural lands to the west and the riverine environment to the east. The proximity to larger urban centres like Rosario (approximately 25km south) means Capitán Bermúdez can experience pollutant transport from regional sources, exacerbating local conditions. The prevailing winds, generally from the north, can carry pollutants from upriver industrial areas, while southerly winds may bring cleaner air from the pampas. This geographical setting creates a complex interplay of factors influencing air quality in Capitán Bermúdez.

Capitán Bermúdez experiences a temperate climate with distinct seasons, each impacting air quality differently. Summer (December-February) brings high temperatures and humidity, potentially fostering the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly with the increased sunlight and emissions from industrial activity. Stagnant air masses are common, trapping pollutants. Autumn (March-May) sees a transition with cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, generally improving air quality by washing away particulate matter. However, agricultural burning following the harvest can lead to temporary spikes in PM2.5. Winter (June-August) is characterized by cooler temperatures and increased risk of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially from residential heating sources. Fog can also exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Spring (September-November) brings a gradual warming trend and increased agricultural activity, with potential for dust and pollen contributing to poorer air quality. Sensitive individuals, including those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer and winter. Months to favour for outdoor activity are generally April-May and September-October, when conditions are milder and rainfall is more frequent. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as northerly winds can bring pollutants from upstream.