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Kapan, nestled in the southeastern Syunik Province of Armenia, occupies a unique geographic position within the Zangezur Mountains. Situated at coordinates 39.2011° N, 46.4150° E, the city is cradled by steep, forested slopes and deep river valleys, at an elevation of approximately 2,200 meters (7,218 feet). This mountainous terrain significantly influences local air quality. Kapan is bisected by the Voghji River, a tributary of the Vorotan, and surrounded by a landscape dominated by coniferous forests and alpine meadows. The urban area exhibits a clear urban-rural gradient, transitioning rapidly into sparsely populated, agricultural lands and remote mountain villages. Historically, the region has been a centre for mining, particularly copper and molybdenum, with the Kapan Ore Dressing Combine being a major industrial presence. While modernising, legacy industrial activity contributes to particulate matter and heavy metal concentrations. The valley location, while scenic, can trap pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding forests, while beneficial for carbon sequestration, can also contribute to biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) under certain conditions, impacting ozone formation. The city’s position within a relatively isolated basin limits air circulation, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Kapan’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and human activity. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields, contributing to particulate matter. Melting snow also releases accumulated pollutants. Summers (June-August) are generally drier with more stable atmospheric conditions, potentially leading to ozone build-up, especially downwind of the city. The warmer temperatures can also increase the evaporation of pollutants. Autumn (September-November) often experiences temperature inversions within the valley, trapping pollutants near the ground and worsening air quality. This is compounded by the resumption of heating with wood and coal as temperatures drop. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cold temperatures and frequent snowfalls. While snowfall can temporarily cleanse the air, it also restricts ventilation and concentrates emissions from domestic heating sources. Sensitive individuals, including those with respiratory conditions and the elderly, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Periods of strong wind, typically in spring and early summer, offer the best air quality. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can accumulate on the leeward side of the city.