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Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, Australia, occupies a strategic position on the continent's eastern seaboard, nestled within the Moreton Bay region along the Brisbane River. The city's geography profoundly shapes its air quality through a complex interplay of urban development, industrial activity, and natural features. Brisbane sprawls across a low-lying floodplain, with elevations generally below 100 metres, flanked by the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges to the west and north, which can trap pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. Its proximity to the Pacific Ocean and Moreton Bay typically facilitates sea breezes that disperse emissions, but this effect is moderated by the city's bowl-like topography. The urban core merges into suburban and peri-urban zones, with a distinct urban–rural gradient extending into the Lockyer Valley's agricultural areas to the west. Critically, Brisbane lies adjacent to Australia's largest coal export port at the Port of Brisbane, situated on Fisherman Islands, and is traversed by rail corridors transporting coal from the Surat and Bowen Basins, introducing coal dust into the airshed. The surrounding landscape includes bushland and national parks, which, while offering green buffers, also contribute to bushfire smoke during dry periods. This geographic setting, combined with vehicle-dominated transport networks and ongoing construction in a growing metropolis, creates a dynamic air quality environment where marine influences, topographic confinement, and industrial emissions converge.

Brisbane's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern driven by its humid subtropical climate, with pollution peaking during the austral summer and troughing in winter. In spring (September–November), rising temperatures and dry conditions increase bushfire risks, with smoke often drifting into the city, particularly in November as the fire season intensifies. Summer (December–February) brings the highest pollution levels, exacerbated by heatwaves that elevate ozone formation from vehicle exhaust, stagnant air due to temperature inversions, and occasional cyclone-related dust storms; sensitive groups like asthmatics should limit outdoor exertion during these months. Autumn (March–May) sees gradual improvement as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, dispersing pollutants, though lingering humidity can trap particulates. Winter (June–August) offers the cleanest air, with cooler, drier conditions and prevailing southeasterly winds sweeping in from the ocean, making it ideal for outdoor activities; however, morning fog in low-lying areas can temporarily concentrate emissions. Throughout the year, weather hazards such as flooding stir up road dust, while port and coal transport emissions persist. Residents are advised to monitor air quality alerts, especially during bushfire episodes in spring and summer, and plan activities for early mornings or evenings when ozone levels are lower.