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Torquay, Victoria, nestled along the southeastern coast of Australia, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -38.3333° latitude and 144.3167° longitude, the town’s defining feature is its proximity to the Great Ocean Road and the expansive Bass Strait. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of coastal dunes, sandy beaches, and gently undulating hills, transitioning inland to a rural agricultural belt. Elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Torquay’s position within the Surf Coast Shire places it within a region known for tourism and recreational activities, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards. While not a major industrial hub itself, Torquay’s regional position means it can be affected by industrial emissions originating from Geelong, approximately 30km to the north, and Melbourne, further inland. Agricultural activities in the surrounding areas, including dairy farming and horticulture, contribute to potential sources of ammonia and particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons. The prevailing westerly winds, typical of this coastal region, generally provide ventilation, but can also carry pollutants from further afield. The relatively small population of 13,258 contributes to lower local emissions compared to larger urban centres, but the influx of tourists, especially during peak seasons, can temporarily increase vehicle traffic and associated air pollution.

Torquay’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Victoria’s temperate climate. Summer (December-February) often brings drier conditions and increased bushfire risk, potentially leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations from distant fires, even if not directly impacting the town. Stagnant air masses, occasionally occurring during heatwaves, can trap pollutants closer to the ground. Autumn (March-May) sees a gradual shift towards cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, generally improving air quality as pollutants are washed out of the atmosphere. However, agricultural activities intensify during this period, potentially releasing ammonia from fertilizer application and livestock operations. Winter (June-August) typically delivers the most stable air quality, with frequent rainfall and strong westerly winds dispersing pollutants. Fog, however, can occasionally form in low-lying areas, trapping moisture and pollutants near the surface. Spring (September-November) marks a transition period, with variable weather patterns. While rainfall helps to cleanse the air, pollen levels rise significantly, impacting individuals with respiratory sensitivities. The months of January and February, coinciding with peak tourist season, often see increased traffic congestion and associated emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should be particularly mindful of air quality forecasts during summer and autumn, limiting strenuous outdoor activity on days with elevated particulate matter or ozone. During winter fog events, indoor air quality can also be affected, necessitating ventilation.