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Nehrəm, nestled within the Babək region of Azerbaijan, occupies a geographically complex position in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. Located at coordinates 39.1160° N, 45.4617° E, the city’s elevation contributes to unique microclimates and influences air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rugged, semi-arid terrain, deeply incised valleys, and sparse vegetation. Nehrəm isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though smaller rivers and streams dissect the region, originating from higher elevations. The urban-rural gradient is steep; the city itself is relatively compact with a population of 13,752, quickly transitioning to agricultural lands and mountainous pastures. While not a heavily industrialised centre, regional mining activities and smaller-scale processing plants contribute to particulate matter emissions. The prevailing winds, often channelled through the valleys, can concentrate pollutants during periods of low atmospheric mixing. The city’s location within a rain shadow effect, typical of mountainous regions, limits precipitation and reduces the natural cleansing of the atmosphere. This topographical setting, combined with potential localised emissions, creates conditions where air quality can be particularly sensitive to meteorological changes and human activity. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for effective air quality management in Nehrəm.

Air quality in Nehrəm experiences a distinct seasonal cycle. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning and dust storms carried by prevailing winds from the surrounding arid landscapes. Temperatures begin to rise, potentially leading to increased ground-level ozone formation, though this is usually moderated by continued wind activity. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and occasional rainfall providing some cleansing. However, prolonged heatwaves can exacerbate ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period. As temperatures cool, temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the valleys. This is often coupled with increased domestic heating using solid fuels. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Reduced sunlight, stable atmospheric conditions, and increased reliance on coal and wood for heating lead to elevated levels of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during these months. November and December are typically the most polluted months, while July and August offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Monitoring wind patterns and implementing heating fuel regulations are vital during the colder months.