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Biləsuvar, situated in Azerbaijan's Lankaran-Astara region, occupies a geographically significant position within the country's southeastern plains. Located at approximately 39.4553° N, 48.5458° E, the city rests at a relatively low elevation, averaging around 25 meters above sea level. This proximity to the Caspian Sea exerts a considerable influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by fertile agricultural lands, a vital component of the region's economy, and expansive plains gradually transitioning into foothills of the Talysh Mountains to the southeast. This agricultural zone contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting periods. Biləsuvar’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, lacking extensive heavy industry; however, the presence of smaller agricultural processing facilities and vehicle traffic contribute to localized pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city quickly blending into the surrounding agricultural landscape. The prevailing winds, generally flowing from the Caspian Sea, can transport pollutants inland, while the flat terrain limits dispersion, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that any regional pollution events, originating from industrial areas further north or west, can impact Biləsuvar’s air quality. The city’s location within a humid subtropical climate zone also influences atmospheric stability and the potential for fog formation, which can exacerbate air pollution episodes.

Biləsuvar’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its humid subtropical climate. Spring (March-May) often sees elevated levels of pollen and dust, stemming from agricultural activities and windblown soil, impacting those with respiratory sensitivities. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by warmer temperatures and increased evaporation, which can lead to ground-level ozone formation, though this is typically less severe than in drier climates. The Caspian Sea breeze plays a crucial role, often providing some ventilation, but stagnant periods can occur. Autumn (September-November) brings a noticeable increase in particulate matter as agricultural residue burning becomes more common, a traditional practice that significantly degrades air quality. This period is often associated with reduced visibility and increased respiratory irritation. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging season. Cold temperatures and frequent fog events, coupled with temperature inversions, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of poor air quality. These inversions prevent vertical mixing, allowing pollutants to accumulate. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly in the mornings when fog is most prevalent. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. While the Caspian Sea breeze generally helps disperse pollutants, its effectiveness is reduced during periods of atmospheric stability.