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Hacıqabul, situated in the Hacıqabul District of Azerbaijan, occupies a strategically important position within the Kura-Araz lowlands, a vast plain characterized by fertile alluvial soils. Located at approximately 40.0387° N, 48.9429° E, the city’s geography is largely flat, with an elevation averaging around 20 meters above sea level. This low-lying terrain, coupled with its proximity to the Kura River, influences local weather patterns and contributes to potential air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily cotton, wheat, and vegetables – forming a significant urban-rural gradient. To the west, the landscape gradually transitions to more undulating terrain, while eastward it extends into the expansive plains. Hacıqabul’s location within a major agricultural belt means that seasonal agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues, can significantly impact local air quality. The city’s position also places it within reach of industrial zones concentrated further north and west, potentially exposing it to pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The relatively flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants, and temperature inversions, common during certain times of the year, can trap emissions close to the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that pollutants from distant sources can also affect Hacıqabul, highlighting its vulnerability within the regional atmospheric system.

Hacıqabul’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, the onset of agricultural activity, including the initial tilling and fertilization of fields, can introduce particulate matter into the air. Summer (June-August) is generally the most favorable period, with consistent winds and high temperatures promoting good ventilation. However, prolonged periods of intense heat can lead to stagnant air conditions and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. While winds remain relatively strong, the burning of crop residues after harvest becomes a significant source of particulate pollution, particularly in October and November. This practice, while traditional, contributes substantially to localized air degradation. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold temperatures and frequent fog events lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Reduced wind speeds further limit dispersion, resulting in periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these months, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any adverse health effects. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. The interplay of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and regional pollution sources creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year in Hacıqabul.