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Kürdəmir, situated in the Kürdəmir Rayon of Azerbaijan, occupies a geographically significant position within the Kura-Araz Lowland, a vast plain characterized by fertile alluvial soils. Located at approximately 40.3383° N, 48.1608° E, the city’s elevation averages around 220 meters (720 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively flat terrain. This low-lying landscape, while agriculturally productive, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to cotton, wheat, and other crops, interspersed with scattered villages and occasional patches of semi-arid steppe vegetation. The Kura River, though not directly adjacent to Kürdəmir, influences the regional climate and hydrological patterns, impacting humidity levels and potential for fog formation. The city’s position within the lowland means it’s somewhat sheltered from strong prevailing winds, which can lead to pollutant accumulation. While there are no major industrial belts immediately bordering Kürdəmir, it serves as a regional hub for agricultural processing, including grain storage and cotton ginning, which can contribute localized emissions. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land extending almost to the city limits, meaning agricultural practices directly influence the air quality experienced by residents. The flat topography and limited natural ventilation exacerbate the potential for pollutants to linger, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The region's climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild winters, further influences the behaviour of airborne particles.

Kürdəmir’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its semi-arid climate. Summers (June-August) are typically the most challenging period. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, frequently leading to temperature inversions where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground. Agricultural activities, including pesticide spraying and harvesting, contribute significantly to particulate matter and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations during these months. Dust storms, common in the region, further degrade air quality, particularly during periods of dry winds. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement as temperatures decrease and wind patterns become more variable, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for clearing fields, can cause spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. Winters (December-February) are generally the cleanest period, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall helping to wash away pollutants. Fog, however, is frequent, trapping moisture and potentially increasing the concentration of certain pollutants. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in air quality as temperatures rise and vegetation begins to grow, absorbing some pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat and avoiding areas with heavy agricultural activity. During autumn, monitor for smoke from agricultural burning and take appropriate precautions. Even during the cleaner winter months, individuals with respiratory sensitivities should be mindful of fog events.