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Liman, a small town nestled in the Lənkəran region of Azerbaijan (38.8733° N, 48.8139° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion. Situated approximately 250km southwest of Baku, it benefits from a subtropical climate heavily influenced by its proximity to the Caspian Sea. The town’s terrain is gently undulating, transitioning from coastal plains to the foothills of the Talysh Mountains to the south. This topography plays a crucial role in air circulation patterns. Liman’s elevation, relatively low at around 30 meters above sea level, contributes to potential temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive rice paddies and fruit orchards characterizing the rural areas immediately adjacent to the town. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the use of fertilizers and occasional burning of crop residues. Further inland, the dense Hyrcanian forests act as a natural air filter, though their influence diminishes closer to the coastal areas. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. The Caspian Sea itself provides a moderating influence on temperature, but also introduces the potential for saline aerosols and occasional sea fog, which can affect visibility and contribute to particulate matter. Industrial activity is minimal within Liman itself, but the broader Lənkəran region has some light processing industries, and transport corridors connecting to Baku can introduce external pollutants.

Liman’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its subtropical climate and prevailing meteorological conditions. The wet season, spanning roughly October to April, brings increased humidity and frequent fog, particularly in November and December. This fog, while visually striking, significantly reduces air dispersion, leading to a build-up of pollutants. Temperature inversions are more common during these cooler months, further exacerbating the issue by trapping emissions near the ground. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur during this period, adding to particulate matter. The dry season, from May to September, generally sees improved air quality due to stronger winds and increased solar radiation, which aids in pollutant dispersal. However, periods of intense heat can lead to stagnant air conditions, especially in July and August, potentially increasing ground-level ozone. The Caspian Sea breeze provides a degree of ventilation, but its effectiveness varies depending on wind patterns. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the wet season, limiting outdoor activity on foggy days and avoiding areas near agricultural fields where burning may occur. During the hotter, drier months, staying hydrated and avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat hours is advisable. While generally cleaner than many larger Azerbaijani cities, Liman’s air quality is still susceptible to regional pollution events and localized sources, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and mitigation efforts.