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Siyəzən, a small city nestled in western Azerbaijan, occupies a geographically complex and strategically important position. Located at approximately 41.0783° N, 49.1061° E, it sits on the edge of the Kura-Araz Lowland, a vast alluvial plain formed by the Kura and Araz rivers. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the lowland, with gentle undulations and fertile agricultural land stretching outwards. Siyəzən’s proximity to the Caspian Sea, roughly 150km to the east, significantly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The sea acts as a source of moisture and can contribute to humidity, particularly during warmer months. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily cotton, wheat, and vegetables – interspersed with small villages and occasional patches of semi-arid steppe. The city itself exhibits a modest urban character, with a compact core and a gradual urban-rural gradient extending outwards. While Siyəzən isn't directly adjacent to major industrial zones, it lies within a region experiencing increasing agricultural intensification, which can lead to emissions from fertilizer use and machinery. Furthermore, the city’s location within the Kura-Araz Lowland, a basin prone to temperature inversions, can trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather. The relatively flat topography limits wind dispersion, further exacerbating this effect. The surrounding area is largely rural, with limited significant urban centres nearby, meaning local emissions are the primary driver of air quality concerns.

Siyəzən’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and regional weather systems. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with frequent periods of stagnant air. High temperatures contribute to increased ozone formation, a secondary pollutant resulting from reactions involving sunlight and precursor gases. The lack of significant rainfall during this period allows pollutants to accumulate, and the flat terrain hinders effective dispersion. Autumn (September-November) often brings a slight improvement as temperatures cool and occasional rainfall helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas to clear fields for the next planting season, can introduce significant particulate matter into the air, particularly in October and November. Winters (December-February) are characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog, which traps pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter. Temperature inversions are common during this season, further exacerbating the problem. Spring (March-May) generally sees the best air quality, with increasing rainfall and stronger winds helping to disperse pollutants. Sensitive individuals, such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months and be mindful of agricultural burning in autumn. During winter, limiting outdoor exertion on foggy days is advisable. Maintaining awareness of regional weather patterns and agricultural practices is key to managing potential air quality impacts.