Tərtər, a city in Azerbaijan, is situated within the Karabakh region, a landscape defined by rolling hills and fertile plains. Located at coordinates 40.3353°N, 46.9303°E, the city’s elevation contributes to a continental climate with distinct seasonal variations. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with extensive farmland dedicated to grain and viticulture, typical of the region. The city itself is relatively small, exhibiting a character typical of regional Azerbaijani centres – a blend of Soviet-era planning and more recent development. The Terterchay River flows nearby, influencing local microclimates and potentially contributing to humidity levels. While not heavily industrialised, the broader Karabakh region has seen some industrial activity related to food processing and light manufacturing. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Tərtər is a hub for surrounding villages, meaning agricultural practices – including potential burning of crop residue – directly impact local air quality. The city’s position within a valley can also exacerbate pollution events, trapping emissions during periods of calm weather. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Tərtər.

Air quality in Tərtər follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary worsening due to dust storms originating from the surrounding arid lands and the burning of agricultural waste after the winter season. Winds can be erratic, sometimes failing to disperse pollutants effectively. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and rainfall providing natural cleansing. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for winter, leading to spikes in particulate matter. This period is often accompanied by temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) sees the lowest temperatures and often calm conditions, exacerbating the effects of residential heating – primarily wood and coal burning – which becomes a major source of pollution. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding periods of calm, foggy weather is advisable year-round. The most favourable months for outdoor activity are typically July and August.