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Xankəndi, situated in the disputed region of Karabakh, Azerbaijan, occupies a geographically complex and strategically significant location. The city lies within the foothills of the Karabakh Range, at an elevation of approximately 870 meters (2,854 feet) above sea level. This elevated position, while offering panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, contributes to unique air quality challenges. The terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, interspersed with pockets of fertile land used for agriculture, primarily vineyards and orchards. To the north and west, the landscape transitions into steeper, forested slopes of the Karabakh Range, while the eastern and southern flanks open onto broader plains. This varied topography can influence wind patterns, often leading to localized stagnation and the trapping of pollutants. Historically, Xankəndi’s urban development has been relatively compact, though recent reconstruction efforts following the 2020 conflict are expanding the city’s footprint. The surrounding region is a mix of rural settlements and agricultural land, with limited heavy industry directly adjacent to Xankəndi. However, regional transportation corridors, vital for connecting Azerbaijan with Armenia and beyond, pass nearby, contributing to vehicular emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a focal point for the surrounding agricultural communities. The lack of significant large-scale industrial zones within immediate proximity mitigates some pollution risks, but the interplay of topography, climate, and transportation infrastructure significantly shapes Xankəndi’s air quality profile.

Xankəndi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its continental climate. Winters (December-February) are typically cold and characterized by frequent temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground. This inversion layer inhibits vertical mixing, leading to a build-up of pollutants, particularly particulate matter from residential heating (often utilizing wood or coal) and vehicle emissions. Fog is also common during these months, further exacerbating the problem by reducing dispersion. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, breaking down the inversion layers. However, agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers and machinery, can contribute to localized pollution episodes. Summers (June-August) are generally drier and warmer, with more frequent wind events that help disperse pollutants. However, heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to cooler temperatures and increased humidity, with occasional periods of stagnant air. The months of December and January are generally the most challenging for air quality, requiring heightened awareness and precautions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air and reduced visibility. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Public health advisories regarding air quality are crucial during the winter months to inform residents and minimize exposure.