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Yevlax, situated in central Azerbaijan, occupies a strategic position within the Kura-Aras Lowland. The city’s coordinates (40.6172° N, 47.1500° E) place it on the right bank of the Kura River, a vital waterway influencing regional climate and transportation. The surrounding terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the lowland, gradually rising towards the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Mountains to the north and the Lesser Caucasus to the south. Yevlax’s elevation is relatively low, around 130 meters (427 feet) above sea level, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. Historically an important trading post, Yevlax’s urban character reflects its role as a regional hub, with a mix of residential, commercial, and light industrial areas. The city is surrounded by agricultural lands, primarily cultivated for grain, grapes, and cotton, with potential for seasonal dust and pesticide drift impacting air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from denser city centre to open farmland. The Kura River, while providing a water source, can also contribute to humidity and localised fog formation, potentially trapping pollutants. The proximity to the railway junction further introduces localised emissions from transport. Understanding this geographical context is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution challenges in Yevlax.

Yevlax experiences a semi-arid climate, with distinct seasonal variations in air quality. Spring (March-May) often sees increased particulate matter from agricultural activities – ploughing and sowing – combined with dust storms originating from the surrounding plains. Winds from the east can carry pollutants from industrial areas further afield. Summers (June-August) are typically drier, with higher temperatures potentially leading to ground-level ozone formation, exacerbated by sunlight and vehicle emissions. While winds can offer some dispersion, temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, but burning of agricultural residue after harvest can create localised smoke. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Reduced sunlight, stable atmospheric conditions, and increased use of solid fuels for heating contribute to higher concentrations of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Fog, common along the Kura River, further exacerbates pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of high agricultural burning. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak heating hours can offer some protection.