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Amtali, a small city in Barishal District, Bangladesh, occupies a low-lying position within the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. Its coordinates (22.1189°N, 90.2210°E) place it amidst a network of rivers and canals, characteristic of this deltaic landscape. The terrain is exceptionally flat, with elevations rarely exceeding a few meters above sea level, making it highly susceptible to flooding. Amtali’s urban character is largely defined by its role as a regional market centre, serving the surrounding agricultural areas. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rice paddies, shrimp farms, and mangrove forests, particularly towards the coastal areas. While not a major industrial hub itself, Amtali is influenced by industrial activity in nearby cities like Khulna and Barishal. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city centre quickly transitions into agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices, including the burning of crop residue, significantly impacts local air quality. The constant humidity and limited wind flow, typical of the delta, exacerbate the concentration of pollutants. The city’s location within a densely populated region also contributes to emissions from domestic sources like cooking fires and transportation. The waterways, while vital for transport, can also trap pollutants, reducing dispersion.

Amtali’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically see a deterioration in air quality. Rising temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions, trapping pollutants from agricultural burning and increasing ground-level ozone formation. This is a period to limit strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The monsoon season (June-October) brings relief, as heavy rainfall effectively washes away many pollutants, improving air quality considerably. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting indoor air quality. Post-monsoon (November-February) sees a gradual decline in air quality as temperatures cool and wind speeds decrease. This period is often marked by increased use of biomass for heating and cooking, contributing to particulate matter pollution. Fog, common during these cooler months, can further trap pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should exercise caution during these times. Overall, the monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, while the pre-monsoon period demands heightened awareness and preventative measures.