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Daulatkhān, nestled in the Barishal District of Bangladesh (coordinates 22.5998° N, 90.7414° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Bengal Delta. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the low-lying alluvial plains formed by the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system. This flatness, while fertile for agriculture, contributes to poor air circulation, particularly during periods of stagnant weather. Daulatkhān is situated relatively close to the Meghna River, which influences local humidity and temperature, but also presents a potential pathway for pollutants transported by waterborne currents. The surrounding landscape is dominated by intensive agricultural land – rice paddies and jute fields are prevalent – which, during certain seasons, can contribute to particulate matter through agricultural burning and fertilizer application. The urban–rural gradient around Daulatkhān is gradual; the town itself is a modest urban center, transitioning quickly into rural agricultural areas. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Daulatkhān, however, Barishal city, a larger urban hub with some light industrial activity, lies within a reasonable distance, potentially impacting air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The low elevation, typically below 10 meters above sea level, makes the area susceptible to flooding, which can temporarily resuspend sediments and worsen air quality. The deltaic nature of the region means that soil composition is silty, easily becoming airborne when disturbed, further influencing local particulate levels.

Daulatkhān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to October, brings heavy rainfall and increased humidity, generally leading to a temporary reduction in particulate matter as precipitation washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, the monsoon also introduces moisture which, when combined with stagnant air, can create conditions conducive to the formation of ground-level ozone. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) often sees a rise in air pollution, driven by increased agricultural activity, including the burning of crop residue to clear fields. This practice releases significant amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants. The dry season (November-February) is characterized by cooler temperatures and frequently dense fog, particularly in December and January. This fog traps pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues and reducing visibility. Temperature inversions, common during these colder months, further contribute to pollutant accumulation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and dry seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. The humid monsoon months, while generally offering some respite, still require vigilance regarding ozone levels. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, especially during periods of elevated pollution.