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Mathba, a small city nestled within the Barishal District of Bangladesh, occupies a low-lying position in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. Its coordinates (22.2862°N, 89.9588°E) place it within a predominantly flat, alluvial plain, characteristic of this vast riverine landscape. The surrounding terrain is intensely agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and aquaculture, particularly shrimp farming, which is a significant economic driver for the region. Mathba is interwoven with a network of canals and rivers – a typical feature of the delta – contributing to high humidity and influencing local wind patterns. The proximity to the Pashur River and other distributaries of the Ganges impacts air quality through moisture content and potential for localised pollutant dispersion. While not a major industrial hub itself, Mathba’s air quality is affected by regional industrial activity concentrated further north and west, particularly around Khulna. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from biomass burning and fertilizer use. The low elevation makes Mathba particularly vulnerable to flooding, which can exacerbate air pollution by mobilizing sediments and pollutants.

Mathba experiences a tropical monsoon climate, defining its air quality patterns. The dry season, roughly November to March, typically sees the poorest air quality. Lower humidity and stagnant air masses allow pollutants from agricultural practices – like post-harvest burning – and regional industries to accumulate. Temperature inversions, common during cooler months, trap pollutants near the ground. February and March are often the most challenging months for respiratory health. The pre-monsoon season (April-May) brings increasing temperatures and occasional dust storms, further degrading air quality. The arrival of the monsoon in June brings a temporary reprieve. Heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to cleaner air. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting indoor air quality. The monsoon season (June-October) is generally the most favourable for outdoor activity, though localised flooding can stir up sediments. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions and worsening air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and pre-monsoon periods, and consider using air purifiers indoors.